3.06.2007

Philosophy and Charity

I have recently encountered two arguments related to charity that I thought that I would share and then get your thoughts.

I. Peter Singer on our Obligations
The argument here comes more in the form of a story. We are asked to imagine a person who has a very valuable car (perhaps there are no others like it). This car brings this individual a great deal of pleasure (perhaps even pleasure he could not otherwise attain). Unfortunately, this individual parks his car on some railroad tracks. Sure enough, a train is coming. Worse yet, though the tracks fork and he could redirect the train before it hit his car, there is a young innocent girl stuck on those tracks. He must choose his car or the girl's life. What should he do? Well, hopefully the answer is pretty obvious. He should let his car be destroyed.
What's the big deal? Singer claims that each of us is in the very same situation as the man with the car. Pick any of your favorite possessions, costly habits, savings, etc. that bring you pleasure. It is the case that you having those is coming at the cost of other individuals in the world dying by starvation or some other means. If you think the man ought to give up his car to save the girl, Singer thinks you ought to do the same. Further, the problem is recursive, so once you give one thing up, the claim still applies until you are living at the same level with least of the world.

II. Dan Moller on letting people starve -- for now.
Moller gives the following argument:
1. Future lives count just as much as present lives (we have an equal obligation to them as we do to present lives).
2. There will continue to be at-risk people in the forseeable future.
3. The cost of saving lives will decrease over time.
4. There are ways to increase your wealth over time.
5. It would often benefit you to delay providing aid (your life would be more enjoyable).
6. Therefore, we should let people starve -- for now, since we can do more with our resources for future generations.

13 comments:

Dan Matheson said...

I like Singer's story, and certainly it seems that given the manner he's set it up, we're all rather obliged to save the girl. First off, I think there's a place for extreme charity - giving away everything - but I'm not sure that inequality of wealth is inherently problematic. That might be a different matter though...

I guess my only real beef with Singer is the implicit suggestion that poverty, disease, hunger, etc. can all be reduced to essentially being issues of wealth. While wealth is certainly a massive contributing factor, it is not the only factor.

As such, to link all the cost of possessions, habits, etc. with the idle watching of the 'death of innocents' seems overly simplistic. I don't think it's a one to one equivalent, or that it's fair to say that by buying a car, I fail to save a young girl's life.

However, I can't help but remember that final scene in Schindler's list when he realizes what further good his wealth might have accomplished. Given that wealth is a powerful tool, capable of being of great service and use in addressing problems like poverty, hunger, disease, etc., it would seem that we ought to endeavor to be exceedingly generous - perhaps to the point where our giving is painful and involves sacrifice.

As for Moller, I think he's trying to be a utilitarian and like most utilitarians, he assumes a future which remains unknown. I agree that lives are of equal value, but hypothetical lives ought not be prioritized about actual lives. That's not to say we shouldn't consider the future implications of our actions, but at the same time, the future is not our only concern.

His suggestion that the cost of saving lives will decrease in the future has seemingly not been the case thus far in history, and even if it were, it seems like quite a leap to suppose that such would always be the case.

As for his claim that to delay providing aid is more enjoyable...I can't even comprehend that. How can I 'enjoy' watching suffering in any sense, even if it was in the light of less suffering in the future? And in any case, I think people do sincerly enjoy giving aid to those in need.

So in the grand scheme, I'm in between Moller and Singer leaning much more to Singer's side of things. I think that by all means (literally), we should be as generous as possible in the present moment.

jon said...

Hi Dan,

About Moller, he is not trying to be a utillitarian. He explicitly applies this argument to a virtue ethic as well as a deontological theory. The idea is that even in those theories you can have conflicting duties (ie. save one life here or several lives over there). I think he is right that this consideration equally applies.

What he means by the cost of saving lives decreasing is that medicines typically become cheaper, shipping costs become cheaper, etc.

I agree with what you say about the enjoyment. It seems hard to think that you could enjoy your life of luxery while others suffered even if you knew that you were doing the best thing.

I think that you do bring up a good worry about his second premise. I wonder how justified you have to be in believing that there will continue to be suffering in order for you to delay help. If you imagine that you are in front of one drowning person, it's hard for me to see that it is rational to leave just because you have pretty good reasons to think that you can save several drowning people elsewhere. I just don't know if we have sufficient justification in that premise. It would be really bad if we were holding out on aid and then the world ended (besides the fact that the world ended).

The other thing is that I think that premise 1 should be questioned -- not that all individuals are equal, but that one has equal responsibility to all individuals. It seems plausible to me that one has added responsibilities to those that live contemporaneously with oneself, just as one has added responsibilities to one's family.

Michael LaPenna said...

I used your Singer and Moller stuff on my Waxing Poetically Blog.

Give a look and drop a comment if you want.

http://waxingpoetically.today.com

http://artfromtheoutskirts.today.com

http://heroes.contentquake.com

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